Verify memory usage: Re-use t1/w1 buffer #866

mkannwischer · 2026-01-09T08:08:04Z

This commit is the first of a series of commits reducing the stack usage of verification.
It is hoisted out from #751

This commit places the t1 and w1 buffers into a union saving K KiB of memory. Operations using it are slightly reordered such that their lifetime does not overlap.
As CBMC struggles with unions (issue 8813), we use the same workaround present in signing: Use a struct by default, and a union when MLD_CONFIG_REDUCE_RAM is set.

github-actions

Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`114041` cycles	`113940` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`358262` cycles	`358593` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`117990` cycles	`117948` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`197906` cycles	`197605` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`593328` cycles	`593349` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`194602` cycles	`194728` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`323373` cycles	`323551` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`758771` cycles	`759497` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`320597` cycles	`320221` cycles	`1.00`

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`46414` cycles	`46414` cycles	`1`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`132149` cycles	`132119` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`47770` cycles	`47770` cycles	`1`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`81322` cycles	`81324` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`217450` cycles	`217246` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`80063` cycles	`80053` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`132975` cycles	`132577` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`278882` cycles	`278661` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`130846` cycles	`130402` cycles	`1.00`

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github-actions

Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`114401` cycles	`114364` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`419014` cycles	`418649` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`122338` cycles	`122371` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`196308` cycles	`195798` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`684170` cycles	`683876` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`197811` cycles	`197587` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`322949` cycles	`323082` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`865849` cycles	`865971` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`328538` cycles	`328329` cycles	`1.00`

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github-actions

Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`213501` cycles	`213269` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`762561` cycles	`762761` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`229215` cycles	`229231` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`381784` cycles	`381458` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1254764` cycles	`1255541` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`372158` cycles	`371461` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`606643` cycles	`605334` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1596557` cycles	`1598639` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`617389` cycles	`617579` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`34586` cycles	`34560` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`120748` cycles	`120458` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`38140` cycles	`38041` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`61601` cycles	`61473` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`203120` cycles	`202795` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`62789` cycles	`62620` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`94044` cycles	`93431` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`237111` cycles	`232760` cycles	`1.02`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`94591` cycles	`94310` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`94517` cycles	`94077` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`333634` cycles	`333569` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`100077` cycles	`99920` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`161142` cycles	`160791` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`546320` cycles	`548071` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`161327` cycles	`161736` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`267769` cycles	`267351` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`714142` cycles	`713822` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`271140` cycles	`269242` cycles	`1.01`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`69559` cycles	`68971` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`188330` cycles	`188227` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`69096` cycles	`68895` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`119267` cycles	`119215` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`302594` cycles	`302342` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`115090` cycles	`114992` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`203553` cycles	`210188` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`396203` cycles	`406594` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`192614` cycles	`200557` cycles	`0.96`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`56618` cycles	`56710` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`182976` cycles	`182366` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`61201` cycles	`61343` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`99131` cycles	`99152` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`300800` cycles	`302439` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`100582` cycles	`100434` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`153242` cycles	`152988` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`358122` cycles	`356727` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`153576` cycles	`153085` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton4

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`68607` cycles	`68624` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`203714` cycles	`203573` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`70764` cycles	`70745` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`121923` cycles	`121712` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`333969` cycles	`334444` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`117894` cycles	`117921` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`198907` cycles	`199055` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`431170` cycles	`430519` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`194576` cycles	`195026` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`135046` cycles	`134935` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`526783` cycles	`525271` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`147525` cycles	`147402` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`227378` cycles	`226843` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`862294` cycles	`861368` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`235341` cycles	`234653` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`371208` cycles	`370947` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1081442` cycles	`1080604` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`383138` cycles	`382813` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Intel Xeon 3rd gen (c6i) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`157952` cycles	`157528` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`549923` cycles	`550092` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`169041` cycles	`169850` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`268541` cycles	`268576` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`906096` cycles	`906359` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`274414` cycles	`273697` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`449829` cycles	`448611` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1161108` cycles	`1160142` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`457140` cycles	`458086` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton4 (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`128825` cycles	`128728` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`449451` cycles	`449453` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`138146` cycles	`136972` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`220813` cycles	`220815` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`730337` cycles	`730757` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`222907` cycles	`221434` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`365599` cycles	`365897` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`929258` cycles	`928934` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`372855` cycles	`370579` cycles	`1.01`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`41908` cycles	`41746` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`133621` cycles	`133873` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`44579` cycles	`44753` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`72806` cycles	`75286` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`213586` cycles	`215708` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`73057` cycles	`74765` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`107522` cycles	`110095` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`252638` cycles	`256250` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`109549` cycles	`111605` cycles	`0.98`

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oqs-bot

Graviton3

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`72655` cycles	`72734` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`214088` cycles	`214040` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`75813` cycles	`75728` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`128178` cycles	`128121` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`354357` cycles	`354117` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`125434` cycles	`125363` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`206400` cycles	`209489` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`448036` cycles	`454515` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`205203` cycles	`205358` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton2

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`114270` cycles	`114038` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`359124` cycles	`358900` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`118342` cycles	`117956` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`198694` cycles	`197540` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`595452` cycles	`593954` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`195260` cycles	`194746` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`323679` cycles	`324592` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`759606` cycles	`760860` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`320697` cycles	`320931` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a) (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`119897` cycles	`120479` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`446804` cycles	`447990` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`129949` cycles	`130348` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`204619` cycles	`204777` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`727135` cycles	`728464` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`210312` cycles	`209710` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`337048` cycles	`341820` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`924977` cycles	`936896` cycles	`0.99`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`347829` cycles	`349579` cycles	`0.99`

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oqs-bot

Graviton3 (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`139013` cycles	`138964` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`486029` cycles	`485918` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`148508` cycles	`148562` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`242989` cycles	`242855` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`797054` cycles	`796582` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`240787` cycles	`241149` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`396472` cycles	`397298` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1016729` cycles	`1016612` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`402637` cycles	`402113` cycles	`1.00`

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oqs-bot

Graviton2 (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`213770` cycles	`213497` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`763291` cycles	`763502` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`229425` cycles	`229441` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`382272` cycles	`381881` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1256084` cycles	`1257130` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`372530` cycles	`371845` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`607903` cycles	`605946` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1599026` cycles	`1600239` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`618349` cycles	`617930` cycles	`1.00`

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github-actions

SpacemiT K1 8 (Banana Pi F3) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`829072` cycles	`829753` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`3248535` cycles	`3243434` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`923349` cycles	`921839` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`1412138` cycles	`1414144` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`5364520` cycles	`5333778` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`1479739` cycles	`1476828` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`2311432` cycles	`2313670` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`6663285` cycles	`6677266` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`2405801` cycles	`2405289` cycles	`1.00`

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github-actions

Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`276776` cycles	`274848` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`819362` cycles	`810924` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`274034` cycles	`272523` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`471949` cycles	`473918` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1344711` cycles	`1350357` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`449926` cycles	`450974` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`808114` cycles	`806468` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1826738` cycles	`1813351` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`778882` cycles	`774394` cycles	`1.01`

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github-actions

Arm Cortex-A55 (Snapdragon 888) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`464741` cycles	`465764` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`2149417` cycles	`2155517` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`547085` cycles	`547931` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`781127` cycles	`780509` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`3527778` cycles	`3529186` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`850554` cycles	`849102` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`1261547` cycles	`1256693` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`4447830` cycles	`4361997` cycles	`1.02`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`1367645` cycles	`1364343` cycles	`1.00`

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This commit is the first of a series of commits reducing the stack usage of verification. It is hoisted out from #751 This commit places the t1 and w1 buffers into a union saving K KiB of memory. Operations using it are slightly reordered such that their lifetime does not overlap. As CBMC struggles with unions (issue 8813), we use the same workaround present in signing: Use a struct by default, and a union when MLD_CONFIG_REDUCE_RAM is set. Signed-off-by: Matthias J. Kannwischer <[email protected]>

github-actions

Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`225942` cycles	`225497` cycles	`1.00`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`643730` cycles	`626811` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`228639` cycles	`224639` cycles	`1.02`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`404935` cycles	`400938` cycles	`1.01`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1082998` cycles	`1030229` cycles	`1.05`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`389823` cycles	`376238` cycles	`1.04`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`700313` cycles	`668182` cycles	`1.05`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`1422286` cycles	`1383907` cycles	`1.03`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`686409` cycles	`640032` cycles	`1.07`

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github-actions

⚠️ Performance Alert ⚠️

Possible performance regression was detected for benchmark 'Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (opt)'.
Benchmark result of this commit is worse than the previous benchmark result exceeding threshold 1.03.

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1082998` cycles	`1030229` cycles	`1.05`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`389823` cycles	`376238` cycles	`1.04`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`700313` cycles	`668182` cycles	`1.05`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`686409` cycles	`640032` cycles	`1.07`

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github-actions

Arm Cortex-A72 (Raspberry Pi 4) benchmarks (no-opt)

Details

Benchmark suite	Current: `099669a`	Previous: `f22bae3`	Ratio
`ML-DSA-44 keypair`	`302400` cycles	`316786` cycles	`0.95`
`ML-DSA-44 sign`	`1142931` cycles	`1200912` cycles	`0.95`
`ML-DSA-44 verify`	`331020` cycles	`343490` cycles	`0.96`
`ML-DSA-65 keypair`	`551404` cycles	`567375` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-DSA-65 sign`	`1911875` cycles	`1980533` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-DSA-65 verify`	`526969` cycles	`541638` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-DSA-87 keypair`	`865083` cycles	`881612` cycles	`0.98`
`ML-DSA-87 sign`	`2416111` cycles	`2490533` cycles	`0.97`
`ML-DSA-87 verify`	`887865` cycles	`905931` cycles	`0.98`

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mkannwischer marked this pull request as ready for review January 9, 2026 08:47

mkannwischer requested a review from a team as a code owner January 9, 2026 08:47

mkannwischer force-pushed the verify-memory-1 branch from d324b92 to 099669a Compare January 9, 2026 14:29

mkannwischer assigned hanno-becker Jan 12, 2026

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hanno-becker force-pushed the verify-memory-1 branch from 099669a to 4e6eca3 Compare January 12, 2026 05:27

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mkannwischer merged commit 68490ef into main Jan 12, 2026
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mkannwischer deleted the verify-memory-1 branch January 12, 2026 06:26

Verify memory usage: Re-use t1/w1 buffer #866

Verify memory usage: Re-use t1/w1 buffer #866

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mkannwischer commented Jan 9, 2026

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (opt)

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Mac Mini (M1, 2020) benchmarks (opt)

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Arm Cortex-A76 (Raspberry Pi 5) benchmarks (no-opt)

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i)

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Intel Xeon 4th gen (c7i) (no-opt)

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a)

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Graviton4

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AMD EPYC 3rd gen (c6a) (no-opt)

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AMD EPYC 4th gen (c7a)

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